各位亲，请问有没有九分达人雅思阅读真题3的test2的答案，急需，谢谢（雅思剑9：阅读的深度分析及趋势预测）

今天金博宝188官网小编整理了各位亲，请问有没有九分达人雅思阅读真题3的test2的答案，急需，谢谢（雅思剑9：阅读的深度分析及趋势预测）相关信息，希望在这方面能够更好帮助到大家。

本文目录一览：

• 1、各位亲，请问有没有九分达人雅思阅读真题3的test2的答案，急需，谢谢
• 2、雅思剑9：阅读的深度分析及趋势预测
• 3、2023年雅思阅读真题全面解析及答案(3)

各位亲，请问有没有九分达人雅思阅读真题3的test2的答案，急需，谢谢

9分达人雅思阅读真题3test3的部分内容：　　第一部分包括最新6套雅思阅读真题，每套题共有三篇阅读文章;洛阳大华雅思提醒考生应对所有文章精读细读，达到完全理解的水平，因为每篇文章都有可能在考试中再次出现。　　第二部分包括词汇详解、题目详解和参考译文三个版块的内容。词汇详解部分为文章及题目中出现的词汇提供了词性、准确的释义和其他拓展信息，既能帮助考生增加对真题的理解，又能扩充考生的词汇量。题目详解部分则对本书收录的每套题目进行了详细解析，不仅帮助考生彻底弄懂每套试题，同时也教给考生相应的解题方法和技巧。参考译文中的翻译准确流畅，考生对英语原文若有任何不理解之处，可利用参考译文帮助理解。　　第三部分为6套雅思阅读真题的参考答案，可供考生进行自我检测。　　READINGPASSAGE2　　Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-26whicharebasedonReadingPassage2below.　　Questions14-20　　Readingpassage2hassevenparagraphs,A-G.　　Choosethecorrectheadingforeachparagraphfromthelistofheadingsbelow.　　Writethecorrectnumber,i-x,inboxes14-20onyouranswersheet.　　Listofheadings　　iThebestmomenttomigrate　　iiTheunexplainedrejectionofcloserfeedingground　　iiiTheinfluenceofweatheronthemigrationroute　　ivPhysicalcharacteristicsthatallowbirdstomigrate　　vThemainreasonwhybirdsmigrate　　viThebestwinteringgroundsforbirds　　viiResearchfindingsonhowbirdsmigrate　　viiiSuccessfulmigrationdespitetroubleofwind　　ixContrastbetweenlong-distancemigrationandshort-distancemigration　　xMysteriousmigrationdespitelackofteaching14ParagraphA　　15ParagraphB　　16ParagraphC　　17ParagraphD　　18ParagraphE　　19ParagraphF　　20ParagraphGBirdMigration

雅思剑9：阅读的深度分析及趋势预测

您好，我是专注留学考试规划和留学咨询的小钟老师。在追寻留学梦想的路上，选择合适的学校和专业，准备相关考试，都可能让人感到迷茫和困扰。作为一名有经验的留学顾问，我在此为您提供全方位的专业咨询和指导。欢迎随时提问！

《剑桥雅思考试全真试题9》在烤鸭的翘首企盼中终于面世了。外表变靓的剑九首先让大家眼前一亮，深紫色的封皮让人爱不释手。当然其中的内容是烤鸭们最关心的，题型有什么变化？难度又增加了吗？怎么用好这本书？虽然市面上有各类的分析和解析在书面市的时候就火速跟进，但含金量如何也是需要烤鸭们细细衡量一下的。
我们网校的留学团队秉承着精工细作的精神，对《剑桥雅思考试全真试题9》进行了透彻的分析，并与近期考试和历年真题集纵向对比，设计出【雅思剑九全方位解析】课程，不仅细致分析出题思路，还为考生补充题型的攻克技巧，破解雅思高分密码。本课程还将结合近期雅思考试机经为考生剖析最新考试动态，总结题型变化趋势。
《剑桥雅思考试全真试题 9 》 有预测作用吗？
剑九的试题是近年淘汰的全真试题，起到的更多是了解近年雅思考试的变化趋势，难易程度的起伏，题型比例的调整等，所以剑九的出版是为广大“烤鸭”们的备考资料增加了含金量。那如何用新出的雅思剑九总结近年考试趋势和难度的变化，以及预测将来的内容呢？Echo老师从阅读和口语两个专项为大家分析一番。
雅思阅读出新题了吗？难度增加了吗？
Echo老师首先为大家带来了剑八和剑九的阅读题型分析，题型的排序是按照在剑九中出现的频率归类的，其中首当其冲的是是非对错题，由39题升到了48题。是非对错题一直是雅思阅读题型的重中之重，这类细节题考察考生两个能力，一是在文章中定位到相关段落和句群，二是要提取出关键的信息和题目进行对应，判断题干的是非。True/ False/ Not Given 和Yes/No/Not Given 乍看上去没有什么区别，翻译成中文大家就可以体会出来了“准确的/错误的/没有给出”“是/否/没有给出”；前一种考察的是信息是否准确，后一种考察的是作者的主张是否正确。这里要特别提醒的是考试填写答题纸的时候要注意是T/F/NG还是Y/N/NG。Echo老师在网校【新版--雅思6.5】的阅读第7课专门针对这个题型进行了细致的讲解，在【雅思剑九全方位解析】中也会着重分析。
Rank
Question Types
剑8
剑9
来源
趋势
1
TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN
YES/NO/NO GIVEN
是非对错题
39
48
Test1-1(1)
Test 1-2(3)
Test1-3(2)
Test2-2(3)
Test2-3(2)
Test3-1(1)
Test3-3(3)
Test4-1(1)
Test4-3(3)

2
Locate information in paragraphs
锁定信息题
4
26
Test2-1(1)
Test2-2(1)
Test3-2(1)
Test3-3(1)
Test4-2(1)

3
Multiple Choice
多项选择题


20
21
Test1-1(4)
Test2-1(3/4)
Test2-3(1)
Test3-2(2)
Test4-3(2)

4
Short-answer questions
简答题
0
17
Test1-1(2)
Test1-2(2)
Test1-3(1)
Test2-1(2)

除了常规的重要题型保持上升的趋势外，剑九中为考生们拉响的警报就是锁定信息题和简答题了。锁定信息题由4个升为26个，简答题从无到有，升为17个。Locate information 的题干通常是which section/paragraph contains the following information? 具体的信息无法与阅读文章的段落顺序对应，考生们常在第一类题型中期待试用平行阅读法的愿望是落空了。【新版--雅思6.5】的阅读第2课和【雅思剑九全方位解析】对这类题型也有系统讲解。
Short-answer Questions简答题在剑九中的全面复苏是值得让烤鸭们注意的，但是也没有必要panic。本质上这类题的解题思路和sentence completion 是一样的，大家应该注意到剑九的填空题中句子填空题消失了，倒是note completion, summary completion, flowchart completion and diagram completion出现的比较均匀。这样正好解释了简答题的大行其道，其实是换汤不换药，只不过把填空题中的空格通过问题问出来，让大家回答，连instructions里的要求都是如出一辙，choose NO MORE THAN ONE/TWO/THREE words, , 不需要做任何的paraphrase, 只需在原文中选择正确的答案即可。做过剑六和剑七的同学应该深有感受，无论是sentence completion, or summary completion, 基本上锁定第一道题后是可以按照文章的顺序依次找到答案的，但是简单题会有回转阅读的现象，也就是大家常说的乱序题，也是雅思阅读的杀手锏。
Rank
Question Types
剑8
剑9
来源
趋势
5
Note completion
填空题
15
10

Test3-3(2)
Test4-1(2)

6
Choosing headings for paragraphs
27

8

Test 1-2(1)
Test 4-1(1)

7
Match names with theories
19
8
Test2-2(2)
Test4-2(2)

8
Summary Completion
摘要题
9
7
Test3-1(2)
Test4-1(3)

9
Flowchart completion
流程图
0
6
Test1-3(3)

10
Diagram completion
填表题
12
4
Test3-2(3)


除了以上两个题型有显著的提升外，让考生大跌眼镜的应该是选择段落标题配对题目的缩水，从剑八的27道题下降到8道题。广义上来说，choosing headings for paragraphs和locate information都可以划归到matching—配对题，但是两者的差别在于一个考察的是主旨大意，一个考察的是细节的锁定。
通常在解答雅思阅读中choosing headings for paragraphs-段落标题配对这种题型时,很多考生习惯于通过阅读各个段落的首句,第二句或者最后一句来寻找各个段落的主题句( topic sentence)，即该段中归纳概括段落大意或中心思想的句子。绝大部分此类题的正确答案确实可以通过确定主题句获得，但有些段落安排以及正确选项的归纳并没有考生期待得那么简单。
虽然段落标题配对题有特例出现，但是整体有规律可循，而locate information-锁定信息题被称为雅思阅读中难度最大的一类题，大家通常使用得很多的“定位词”技巧在这一类题目面前会显得束手无策，因为定位词很可能根本就不会出现。不仅会出现我们所说的“乱序”情况，而且，即使是一些正序分布的配对题型，也有让人望而却步的同义替换。配对题其实考察的是考生寻找信息的能力，因此，如果把整句题干或者选项放到文中去搜索，就会大大降低搜索速度，有时甚至还会徒劳而返。这种题型，首先应当把题干或者选项作为切入口。特别是当题干和选项都是长句的时候，划出双方的关键词就显得尤为重要，因为这样一来就等于把握了每一句题干或者选项中的核心信息，而考生在之后的全文搜索过程中就会变被动为主动。
总而言之，两类题型的一升一降就说明了雅思阅读题目难度的提高是一个定势了。在2023年的雅思阅读题目中，是非对错题仍然是主流，简单题和锁定信息题也讲取代段落标题配对题占到更大的比重。
希望以上的答复能对您的留学申请有所帮助。留学的道路充满了无限可能，但选择和准备的过程可能也充满挑战。如果您有任何更详细的问题或需要进一步的协助，我强烈推荐您访问我们的留学官方网站 。在那里您可以找到更多专业的留学考试规划和留学资料以及一对一的咨询服务。我们的专业团队会全程陪伴您，助您圆梦海外学府。祝您留学申请顺利！

2023年雅思阅读真题全面解析及答案(3)

您好，我是专注留学考试规划和留学咨询的小钟老师。在追寻留学梦想的路上，选择合适的学校和专业，准备相关考试，都可能让人感到迷茫和困扰。作为一名有经验的留学顾问，我在此为您提供全方位的专业咨询和指导。欢迎随时提问！
小钟老师为大家带来2023年雅思阅读真题全面解析及答案(3)，欢迎大家参考!更多相关内容请关注本站!
2023年雅思阅读真题全面解析及答案(3)
Can Scientists tell us: What happiness is?
A
Economists accept that if people describe themselves as happy, then they are happy. However, psychologists differentiate between levels of happiness. The most immediate type involves a feeling; pleasure or joy. But sometimes happiness is a judgment that life is satisfying, and does not imply an emotional state. Esteemed psychologist Martin Seligman has spearheaded an effort to study the science of happiness. The bad news is that we're not wired to be happy. The good news is that we can do something about it. Since its origins in a Leipzig laboratory 130 years ago, psychology has had little to say about goodness and contentment. Mostly psychologists have concerned themselves with weakness and misery. There are libraries full of theories about why we get sad, worried, and angry. It hasn't been respectable science to study what happens when lives go well. Positive experiences, such as joy, kindness, altruism and heroism, have mainly been ignored. For every 100 psychology papers dealing with anxiety or depression, only one concerns a positive trait.
B
A few pioneers in experimental psychology bucked the trend. Professor Alice Isen of Cornell University and colleagues have demonstrated how positive emotions make people think faster and more creatively. Showing how easy it is to give people an intellectual boost, Isen divided doctors making a tricky diagnosis into three groups: one received candy, one read humanistic statements about medicine, one was a control group. The doctors who had candy displayed the most creative thinking and worked more efficiently. Inspired by Isen and others, Seligman got stuck in. He raised millions of dollars of research money and funded 50 research groups involving 150 scientists across the world. Four positive psychology centres opened, decorated in cheerful colours and furnished with sofas and baby-sitters. There were get-togethers on Mexican beaches where psychologists would snorkel and eat fajitas, then form "pods" to discuss subjects such as wonder and awe. A thousand therapists were coached in the new science.
C
But critics are demanding answers to big questions. What is the point of defining levels of happiness and classifying the virtues? Aren't these concepts vague and impossible to pin down? Can you justify spending funds to research positive states when there are problems such as famine, flood and epidemic depression to be solved? Seligman knows his work can be belittled alongside trite notions such as "the power of positive thinking". His plan to stop the new science floating "on the waves of self- improvement fashions" is to make sure it is anchored to positive philosophy above, and to positive biology below.
D
And this takes us back to our evolutionary past. Homo sapiens evolved during the Pleistocene era (1.8 m to 10,000 years ago), a time of hardship and turmoil. It was the Ice Age, and our ancestors endured long freezes as glaciers formed, then ferocious floods as the ice masses melted. We shared the planet with terrifying creatures such as mammoths, elephant-sized ground sloths and sabre-toothed cats. But by the end of the Pleistocene, all these animals were extinct. Humans, on the other hand, had evolved large brains and used their intelligence to make fire and sophisticated tools, to develop talk and social rituals. Survival in a time of adversity forged our brains into a persistent mould. Professor Seligman says: "Because our brain evolved during a time of ice, flood and famine, we have a catastrophic brain. The way the brain works is looking for what's wrong. The problem is, that worked in the Pleistocene era. It favoured you, but it doesn't work in the modem world."
E
Although most people rate themselves as happy, there is a wealth of evidence to show that negative thinking is deeply ingrained in the human psyche. Experiments show that we remember failures more vividly than successes. We dwell on what went badly, not what went well. Of the six universal emotions, four anger, fear, disgust and sadness are negative and only one, joy, is positive. The sixth, surprise, is psychologist Daniel Nettle, author of Happiness, and one of the Royal Institution lecturers, the negative emotions each tell us "something bad has happened" and suggest a different course of action.
F
What is it about the structure of the brain that underlies our bias towards negative thinking? And is there a biology of joy? At Iowa University, neuroscientists studied what happens when people are shown pleasant and unpleasant pictures. When subjects see landscapes or dolphins playing, part of the frontal lobe of the brain becomes active. But when they are shown unpleasant images a bird covered in oil, or a dead soldier with part of his face missing the response comes from more primitive parts of the brain. The ability to feel negative emotions derives from an ancient danger-recognition system formed early in the brain's evolution. The pre-frontal cortex, which registers happiness, is the part used for higher thinking, an area that evolved later in human history.
G
Our difficulty, according to Daniel Nettle, is that the brain systems for liking and wanting are separate. Wanting involves two ancient regions the amygdala and the nucleus accumbens that communicate using the chemical dopamine to form the brain's reward system. They are involved in anticipating the pleasure of eating and in addiction to drugs. A rat will press a bar repeatedly, ignoring sexually available partners, to receive electrical stimulation of the "wanting" parts of the brain. But having received brain stimulation, the rat eats more but shows no sign of enjoying the food it craved. In humans, a drug like nicotine produces much craving but little pleasure.
H
In essence, what the biology lesson tells us is that negative emotions are fundamental to the human condition, and ifs no wonder they are difficult to eradicate. At the same time, by a trick of nature, our brains are designed to crave but never really achieve lasting happiness.
Question 14-20
The reading passage has seven paragraphs A-H.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-H, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.
14 An experiment involving dividing several groups one of which received positive icon
15 Review of a poorly researched psychology area
16 Contrast being made about the brain’s action as response to positive or negative stimulus
17 The skeptical attitude toward the research seemed to be a waste of fund
18 a substance that produces much wanting instead of much liking
19 a conclusion that lasting happiness are hardly obtained because of the nature of brains
20 One description that listed the human emotional categories
Question 21-25
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than four words from the Reading Passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 21-25 on your answer sheet.
A few pioneers in experimental psychology study what happens when lives go well. Professor Alice divided doctors, making a tricky experiment, into three groups: beside the one control group, the other two either are asked to read humanistic statements about drugs, or received …21... The latter displayed the most creative thinking and worked more efficiently. Since critics are questioning the significance of the …22…for both levels of happiness and classification for the virtues. Professor Seligman countered in an evolutional theory: survival in a time of adversity forged our brains into the way of thinking for what's wrong because we have a…23…
There is bountiful of evidence to show that negative thinking is deeply built in the human psyche. Later, at Iowa University, neuroscientists studied the active parts in brains to contrast when people are shown pleasant and unpleasant pictures. When positive images like…24…are shown, part of the frontal lobe of the brain becomes active. But when they are shown unpleasant image, the response comes from …25…of the brain.
Question 26
Write your answers in boxes 26 on your answer sheet.
Choose the correct letter. A, B, C or D.
According to Daniel Nettle in the last two paragraphs, what is true as the scientists can tell us about happiness
A Brain systems always mix liking and wanting together.
B Negative emotions can be easily rid of if we think positively.
C Happiness is like nicotine we are craving for but get little pleasure.
D The inner mechanism of human brains does not assist us to achieve durable happiness.
文章题目：科学家可以告诉我们什么是幸福吗
篇章结构
体裁
议论文
题目
科学家可以告诉我们什么是幸福吗
结构
(一句话概括每段大意)
A段: 关于幸福的早期心理学研究主流是负面情绪
B段: 少数心理学家研究正面情感带给人的益处
C段: 批评家质疑用积极思考来研究幸福的合理性
D段: 冰河世纪的古人类惯用消极思维模式
E段: 消极想法更容易被牢记
F段: 积极和消极想法的大脑结构的生物学基础
G段: 区分喜欢和欲望是研究幸福的难点
H段: 消极情绪是人类生存的基础
试题分析
Question 14-26
题目类型：
题号
定位词
文中对应点
题目解析
14
Three groups
B段第2句
B段讲述了少数心理学家对积极情绪的研究。从第2句话开始，文章详述了实验的方法，题干中的positive icon指代文中的candy。
本题答案为B
15
Ignored，only
A段最后两句
A段是关于早期心里学家研究幸福的方法。从该段最后两句可以看出，积极的情绪在当时的研究被ignored，并且在100个试验中，only one concerns a positive trait。这里的ignored/only/a都是在映射题干中的poorly researched。
本题答案选A
16
Structure of the brain
F段第1句
F段讲述了积极和消极想法的大脑结构的生物学基础。从第一句话的structure of brain可以看出，本段会研究brain action。
本题答案选F
17
Critics, big question
C段第1句
C段是针对B段的观点，批评家质疑少数心理学家研究幸福的方式。从critics, big question, what is the point of…等地方，均可以看出题干中所述的skeptical attitude。
本题答案选C
18
Wanting, liking
G段第1句
G段落主要讲wanting和liking的在大脑系统中的区别。从第1句开始，该段多次出现wanting和liking。
所以本题答案选G
19
Brick of nature
H段第2句
H段是全文最后一段，所以很容易于题干中的conclusion联系在一起。另外在H段第 2句也出现了brick of nature,指代题干中的nature of brains。
本题答案选H
20
Six universal emotion
E段中间
E段中提到了人类最基础的六种情感，对应题干中的human emotional categories。
本题答案选E
21
Candy
B段
B段中详细描述了实验的三个分组情况。Into three groups: one received candy, one…
所以本题可以从原文中直接找到答案为candy。
22
What is the point of defining…
C段
从题干中的Since critics可得知此题对应原文中的C段。该段第2句话what is the point of defining levels of happiness and classifying the virtues。所以本题需要填写define的名词definition。
23
Professor Seligman, adversity
D段倒数第三局
D段倒数第3句：Professor Seligman says: because our brain evolved during a time of ice, flood and famine, we have a catastrophic brain。从题干中的Professor Seligman提示了答案应该从这句话中寻找。另外题干中的adversity对应了文章中的ice flood和famine。因此每题应该填catastrophic brain
24
Pleasant picture
E段第3句
E段第3句 讲述了pleasant and unpleasant picture对人类大脑的影响，之后紧接着提到了landscapes and dolphins playing。可见这里的positive image应该填文章中对应的pleasant picture，即landscapes and dolphins playing。
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Unpleasant images
E段第4句
此题答案紧接着上一题。作者在E段中描述了pleasant picture之后，紧接着提到了unpleasant image(picture)。在该句的末尾处comes from more primitive parts of the brain可以找到改题的答案为 more primitive parts
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Separate, deeply ingrained, wanting and liking, lasting happiness
E、G、H段
A选项: G段的第一句话brain system for liking and wanting are separate，因此选项中的mix together是错误的。
B选项: 在E段中，作者主要表述了消极思想和情感在大脑中会留下深刻的记忆，并很难被抹去: negative thinking is deeply ingrained in the human psyche。Deeply ingrained和题干中的be easily rid of矛盾。
C选项：G段最后一句，drug like nicotine produces much craving but little pleasure。看似与题干很吻合但是却在意思上大相径庭。G段的核心思想是在强调happiness和满足wanting后的satisfaction是两个概念。题干中的nicotine只是满足了人类大脑的wanting，但是不会带来pleasant，更不会带来happiness。所以这个选项也是错误的。
D选项：H段最后一句，our brain are designed to crave but never really achieve lasting happiness意思与题干一致，表述了由于大脑结构导致了很难持续或者幸福感。
所以本题选D
参考译文：
科学家可以告诉我们什么是幸福吗
A
经济学家认为，如果人们会把自己描述成幸福的，那么他们就是幸福的.然而 心理学家却要区分不同幸福感之间的差别。幸福最中等的水平是一种开心或是快乐的感觉。但是有时幸福是对生活的一种评判，认为生活是令人满意的，而这似乎是不涉及感情范畴的。受人敬仰的心理学家Martin Seligman率先致力于关于幸福的研究。不幸的是，我们并不是天生就会感到幸福;而所幸的是，我们可以做一些关于幸福的事情。关于幸福的研究最早要追溯 到130年前在Leipzig的实验室，那时心理学对“善良”和“满足”还知之甚少， 大部分的心理学家都在研究“软弱”和“痛苦”。图书馆里的书涉及的理论都是关于我们为什么会悲伤，担忧和生气这类的情绪。研究生活乎顺时发生的事情在当时看来是不靠谱的。积极正面的体验，比如说快乐，善良，利他主义和英雄主义在当时常常是被人们忽略的。在每100篇关于焦虑和压抑的心理学论文中，只有一篇会涉及积极的心理状态。
B
少数的实验心理学家引领了有关幸福研究的潮流。康奈尔大学的Alice Isen教授和她的同事致力于研究正面的情感如何让人们思维更敏捷以及更有创造力。为了展示正面的情感是怎样迅速地提升一个人的智力，Isen教授通过一个巧妙的诊断将参加实验的医生分为3组：一组收到了糖果，一组朗读人本主义的宜言，一组则作为控制对照组，(实验结果表明，)收到糖果的医生的思维更具创造性同时工作也更高效，受到Isen教授和其他人的启发，Seligman也投身关于幸描的研究，他等集到了几百万美金的研究经费，用以资助全世界150名科学家组成的50个研究小组。4家“积极心理学”中心成立，用令人愉悦的颜色装饰， 配有沙发和保姆。心理学家聚集在墨西哥的沙滩上享受着潜水的乐趣，品尝墨西哥菜肴fajitas，他们还分成小组讨论有关“夸迹”和“敬畏"的话题。还有一千名临床医学家接受这项新科学项目的培训。
C
但是一些批评家要求心理学家回答一些重大的问题，比如说，什么是定义不同幸福水平的标准以及如何将这些特点分类?这些关于幸福的概念难道不是糢糊不清而且无法被这实的吗?当四处还有饥荒，洪水和经济萧条的时候，将这些研究基金用于积极心态的研究合适吗?Seligman知道他的工作会被别人轻看，还可能会被人冠以诸如“积极思考的力量”此类的陈词滥调。因此，为了让这样新的科学研究不要浮于自我满足的状态，就要确保这项研完和“枳极心理学”相联系，又以“枳极生物学”作为基础。
D
这就需要我们回到人类的进化史，人类是从更新世时代(180万到1万年前)开始进化的，那是一个充满艰难和动荡的时代。在冰河世纪，我们的祖先先是忍受冰川形成的寒冷，然后是冰川消融时的泛滥的洪水。人们还得和那些令人毛骨悚然的生物比如说猛犸象和体型如大象般巨大的地懒以及长着锐利犬牙的猫共同生存。但是到了更新世的末期，所有的这些动物都灭绝了，人类却进化出了脑容量更大的大脑，并且通过自己的智力学会生火和制造较复杂的工具，还学会了说话并且形成了一些社会礼仪。在逆境中生存将人类变得更加有恒心和毅力。Seligman教授说道：“因为我们的大脑是在一个充满冰川，洪水和饥荒的年代进化来的，我们的大脑经历了太多患难—灾难性，所以我们的大脑的运作模式就是 “发现哪里出了问题”。但问题是，这在更新世那样的时代是起作用的，在那时这对人类是有益的，但是在现代社会就不起作用了。
E
尽管大多数人评价自己很幸福，但是大量证据显示消极的想法还是在人类心中根深蒂固。实验显示，较成功而言，失败更容易被我们牢牢记住。我们总是在思想一些不顺利的事情，而不是那些顺利的好的事情。在6种基本的情绪中，有4种是消极的，它们是：生气，害怕，厌恶和悲伤，而只有一种是积极的，它就是喜悦。(第6种情绪是惊奇，属于中性。)心理学家同时也是《幸福》这本书的作者Daniel Nettle和皇家学院的一位学者认为，消极的情绪总是告诉我们“一些不好的事情已经发生了”，从而会让我们采取不一样的行动。
F
究竟是什么样的大脑结构让我们会倾向于有消极的想法呢?“快乐”这样的情绪有生物学基础吗?爱荷华大学的神经学家研究了当人们看到令人愉悦的图片和让人不舒服的图片时的情况。当人们看到风景或是海豚玩耍时，大脑的额叶会变得活跃。但是当他们看到一些让人不舒服的图片比如说一只小鸟被埋在土里时，或是一个战死的战士面部还有部分缺失时，大脑最原始的部分会做出反应。这种识别消极情绪的能力是从古时候大脑进化早期形成的危险识别系统来的。大脑前额叶皮质是产生幸福感的部位，是用来进行一些高级的思考，是人类晚些时期进化来的。
G
据Daniel Nettle所言，研究的困难在于大脑对于“喜欢”和“欲望”(wanting and liking)的机制是分开的，“欲望”涉及两个最初大脑发育的部位，也就是扁桃体和神经大脑区，它们通过化学多巴酚传递信息来形成大脑的奖励机制。它们常常是让人们很期待吃完东西的快感或是对药品上瘾。小白鼠会不停地击打栅栏来获取对大脑“欲望”情绪的电刺激，而忽略异性同伴，但是获得大脑刺激的小白鼠虽然吃得更多，但是并没有迹象表明它在吃到自己渴想的食物后有一种满足感。对人而言，像尼古丁这样的物质会让人想要摄取更多但是却带来很少的快感。
H
从本质上来看，生物课可以告诉我们消极的情绪是人类生存的基本情绪，所以难怪它很难根除。与此同时，让人觉得很诡异的是，我们的大脑总是想要的很多，但是却很难真正得到持续的幸福感。
参考答案:
Version 19104 主题 幸福的科学解释
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B
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A
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F
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C
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G
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H
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E
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Candy
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definition
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a catastrophic brain
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landscapes or dolphins playing
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(more) primitive parts
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D

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