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雅思阅读同义词替换
1. initiative=on your own/by yourself=independently=on your own initiative=under your own steam=to be the person who starts something=plan=law主动的，自发的.adj. 主动权n.2. increase=go up=rise=grow=climb=gain=escalate=pick up=widen=be on the increase=intensify=expand=build up上升，增加v.
3. teach=educate=train=coach=instruct=bring up教学v.
4. more than one language=bilingual=sbs second language多种语言n.
5. determine=establish=identify=pinpoint=diagnose 决定v.
6. young people=teenager=youth=in your teens=adolescent=minor年轻人n.
7. community=all the people in a particular area, city, country etc.群体，团体，社区n.
8. traditional=old-fashioned=outdated=outmoded=unfashionable传统的adj.
9. fail=failure=not succeed=unsuccessful=vain=fruitless=unproductive=be a failure=go wrong=not work=do no good=fall through失败v.
10. endanger=to put someone or something in danger of being hurt=damaged=destroyed危及，使危险v.
11. diverse=varied=variety=wide-ranging=mixed各种各样的adj.
12. inevitable=certain to happen and impossible to avoid不可避免的adj.
13. differ from=unusual与不同v.
雅思阅读同义词替换四项基本原则
1词性之间的替换
词性的替换主要是指题目中的关键信息与原文中的内容在词性上做了变化而已。这样的替换相对来说，难度系数偏低，只需要考生能够辨认出相同的词根即可。
Example 1：
Cambridge8，Test3中Q35：Through mutations, organisms can 35 better to the environment.首先通过mutation一词将此填空题在原文定位到第C段”Because of changes in the genetic material (mutations) these have new characteristics and in the course of their individual lives they are tested for optimal or better adaptation to the environmental conditions.”然后寻找空后关键词better to，根据空格前的情态动词can推测空格处只能填一个动词，而且是原形，还要能和to搭配。这么一来，这句话里只有一个对应词比较合适：adaption，将其变形为动词adapt即可。
Example 2：
Cambridge6，Test2中Q17Q18：This is largely due to developments in 17 , but other factors such as improved 18 may also be playing a part.定位到原文第四段”Clearly, certain diseases are beating a retreat in the face of medical advances. But there may be other contributing factors. Improvements in childhood nutrition in the first quarter of the twentieth century….”表明有些疾病是被medical advances打败的。根据空格前的介词可以判断17题缺一个跟developments相关的名词。正确选项是medical的同根词M(medicine)。而18题是一个被improved修饰的名词，原文中improvements是它的同根词，所以答案是选项J (nutrition)。
这样的替换，即使单词是陌生的，却可以通过相同的词根或词形来帮助考生去挑选答案。要想掌握好这样的替换，也就要求考生尽可能地去多熟悉英语词汇中各种词根与词缀的应用。
剑桥阅读中出现的同根词变身：
ability → able
diabetic → diabetes
secrete → secretions
fertilise → fertilisers
creativity → creative
investigative → investigate
prefer → preference
emit → emission
predictability → predicted
2同义词/近义词之间的替换
同义词替换是指考题与原文中的关键内容用同义词进行一种互换。此类替换占据同义替换现象的大部分内容，而且几乎所有的题型都会有这样的替换现象。且大量常见的词都会主要是以名词与动词为主。
Example 3：
Cambridge6，Test4的Q9：Kim Schaefer’s marketing technique may be open to criticism on moral grounds.在原文第三段中定位到”Selling pharmaceuticals is a daily exercise in ethical judgment,”其中ethical即为原文中moral的同义词。
考生只需要在平时增加词汇量时有意识地去注意一些常见同义词，雅思阅读的解答也就变得简单很多了。其实严格意义上来讲，同义词应该还包括一些常用词组或短语之间的一种互换。
Example 4：
Cambridge7，Test4的Q19：Between 1940 and 1959, there was a sharp decrease in Alaska's salmon population.此题为是非判断题。利用between 1940 and 1959定位到原文第4段Between 1940 and 1959, overfishing led to crashes in salmon population so severe that in 1953 Alaska was declared a federal disaster area. 原文中的crashes与题干中的sharp decrease属于近义词(语义相同的词)之间的替换。
Example 5：
Cambridge6，Test1的Q38Q39：In recent years, many of them have been obliged to give up their 38 lifestyle, but they continue to depend mainly on 39 for their food and clothes.定位到原文D段：Over the past 40 years, most have abandoned their nomadic ways and settled in the territory’s 28 isolated communities, but they still rely heavily on nature to provide food and clothing.题干中提及被迫放弃什么生活方式，因此要求填一个形容词来修饰lifestyle。而时间状语in recent years是定位词。按顺序原则，原文的时间状语over the past 40 years正好跟in recent years对应，abandon与give up，ways和lifestyle对应，答案便是abandon后面的宾语ways的修饰语nomadic。同时判断depend on后面需要填一个名词，即依靠什么东西。而后面的food and clothes是非常好的定位词。很快可以在原文中找到对应depend on的rely on,而后面又有food and clothes。因此可以很清楚地判断出rely on的宾语nature就是答案。
剑桥中出现的同义词/近义词
change → shift / revision
overstate → exaggerate
target → goal
comments → feedback
performance → achievement
metropolitan → city
world → global
perceive → sense / feel
calculate → measure
resemble → look like
link to → associated with
expert → scientist
hard to find → elusive
3.否定加反义之间的替换
Example 6：
Cambridge7，Test1的Q33：In the follow-up class, the teaching activities are similar to those used in conventional classes.根据顺序原则以及follow-up可以定位到原文第6段。Such methods are not unusual in language teaching.题干中similar to和原文的not unusual属于否定加反义之间的替换。
Example 7：
Cambridge8，Test3的Q38：In principle, it is possible for a biological system to become older without ageing.可以定位到原文第三段Thus ageing and death should not be seen as inevitable, particularly as the organism possesses many mechanism for repair.题干中possible是原文not inevitable的否定加反义替换。
剑桥阅读中出现的否定加反义替换
downward → not rising
not traditional → radical new approaches
with no rain at all →droughts
4.上下义词之间的替换
所谓上下义，是指替换的词语之间通常有一种从属关系。在雅思的阅读中这类替换往往出现在段落配对题之中，题目中给的是一个具有属性或者是表示概念的词语，而在原文中出现的替换词却是一个具体或者是细节的信息，考察考生对这两者之间从属关系的配对。
Example 8：
Cambridge6，Test3的Q28：Studies show drugs available today can delay the process of growing old。此题为是非判断题，定位词为“drugs”，在原文中定位，我们能在文章第一段找到“As researchers on aging noted recently, no treatment on the market today has been proved to slow human aging—the build-up of molecular and cellular damage that increases vulnerability to infirmity as we get older”。原文中treatment即为题干中drugs的上义词。
Example 9：
Cambridge7，Test1的Q5：early military use of echolocation 。此段落信息配对题在原文定位的句子是“it was only a matter of time before weapons designers adapted it for the detection of submarines.之所以这样定位，就是原文中weapon一词作为题干中military的下义词出现。
剑桥阅读中出现的上下义词替换
chemical → fertilizer and pesticide
military → Second World War
body language → gesture
farming → grow plants and herd animals
environment → light, sound and warmth
四种难度依次递增的同意替换，使雅思阅读的考题显得变换无穷，同时也将阅读的难度提到了一个不同的高度。所以有很多考生抱怨，题目特点和解题技巧都很清楚，定位词也能找准，可就是定位不到题目在原文中对应内容的位置。其实这源于考生没有真正了解雅思阅读考查词汇的变形。所以考生只要掌握4、6级词汇，熟悉以上四种替换原则，在原文中寻找这些替换表达，即可快速且准确地完成定位和答题。
备考策略：详解雅思阅读中的同义转换技巧
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1. 相同词性的同义替换：
相同词性的同义替换一般指的是只涉及单个单词的转换。单个单词的转换包括词性转换及同义词转换。其中词性转换是相对简单的一种，词汇量可观的考生自然可以游刃有余，轻松应对;即便不认识被转换了的单词的考生，也可以通过词根词缀以及上下文进行猜测。
例如：
Example 1:
One of the brain’smost difficult tasks is to
A. react to their ownthoughts
B. helped createlanguage in humans
C. respond instantlyto whatever is happening
题干中的核心信息most difficult应该在读题的过程中被考生捕捉到，在定位时应充分考虑到被代换的可能性;另外备考时训练充分有素的考生还会考虑到句子结构的整体顺序的不同。这样，当定位到原文的对应信息句：
Making a rapidemotional assessment of the events of the moment is an extremely demanding jobfor the brain, animal or human.
考生应该能够敏锐地发现extremelydemanding是most difficult的代换，由此确定该句所表达的意思是正确答案，在list中搜寻正确的选项时，句子中的内容被再一次代换，其中原文中 rapidemotional assessment of the events被代换为respond instantly towhatever is happening, 至此，答案为C。
Example 2:
It has been suggestedthat children hold mistaken views about the 'pure' science that they study atschool. 根据'pure'定位到文中第二段第一行Manystudies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about 'pure' science,curriculum science. 短短一句话我们可以发现有三组四处同义替换，分别为suggested-shown;hold-harbour; mistaken views-misconceptions; science that they study atschool-curriculum science. 因此答案为TRUE。
Example 3:
Some people maybelieve that the teacher- subjects’ behavior could be explained as a positivesurvival mechanism.
可以看出句中positive和survival是关键词，由句中出现的survivalmechanism可判断为是从生物角度来谈论的，又因为原文的F段首句：One’sfirst inclination might be to argue that there are must be some sort of built inanimal aggression instinct that … 中提到了相关内容，所以定位到该段。迅速扫描，搜寻和两个关键词对应的信息，除了在该段第六行出现了原词重现的survival, 还在上一行出现了advantageous, 显然是positive的代换。由于原文跟题目中的信息吻合，所以答案是TRUE。
2. 不同词性的同义替换：
不同词性同义代换顾名思义，就是在代换时不受词性的限制，比如：obvious换成clearly; similar换成resemble等。
Example 1:
Despite substantialfunding, results (of this program) have been disappointing.
代换为：This program failedalthough they received sufficient funding.
因为把disappointing换成了failed, “although”代换了“inspite of”, 通过词的代换就会很自然的实现英文中提倡的句式多样性。
雅思阅读同义词转换二、词组的转换
词组的转换一般情况下是同义词转换的一个衍生。当一个词无法用另一个同义词到位地解释时，可能会出现用词组解释的情况。另外如果本身就是词组的形式，那么通常来讲还是会用词组的形式进行解释。
例如：
Example 1:
原文：Computers are gainingin popularity, despite their cost.
题目：Computers are morepopular than they used to be.
原文当中的gaining in popularity题目中用morepopular than they used to be作为替换。两者在意思上属于完全一致的同义转换，因此答案为TRUE。
Example 2:
原文：Biologically, aspecies becomes extinct when its last individual dies.
题目：In biological terms,a species is said to be extinct when only one individual exists.
原文当中的biologically用题目的inbiological terms作为替换。Become则由issaid to be作为替换。但是原文当中的die在题目中变成了exist, 直接相反的意思。介于最后这一处的转换与原文信息不符，可以判断出此题答案是FALSE。
Example 3:
There were severalreasons for the research into plastics in the nineteenth century, among themthe great advances that had been made in the field of _____and the search foralternatives to natural resources like ivory.
解析：根据nineteenth century定位到文中第二段......Theimpetus behind the development of these early plastics was generated by anumber of factors- immense technological progress in the domain ofchemistry,.......其中，in the field of意思等同于inthe domain of“在....领域”，因此答案为chemistry。
In recent years, manyof them have been obliged to give up their _____ lifestyle, but they continueto depend mainly on _____ for their food and clothes.
解析：根据上下文定位到文中 Overthe past 40 years, most have abandoned their nomadic ways and settled in theterritory's 18 isolated communities, but they still rely heavily on nature toprovide food and clothing. 因为大多数同学都认识abandon, 更知道giveup是“放弃”的意思，属于单词与词组的替换，因此第一个空填nomadic,lifestyle“生活方式”与ways替换，dependmainly on与rely heavily on属于词组与词组的替换，意为“依赖......”，答案为nature。
综上所述，同义词替换在雅思阅读中的重要作用显而易见。提醒广大考生在平时一定要注意多积累，比如在背单词的时候，就不能只满足于记住单词本身，还应该多想想这个单词有什么同义、近义词，以及词组的代换，这样在雅思阅读中就能取得好的成绩。
以上就是小编整理的雅思阅读考试同义词替换实例总结，希望同学们在雅思考试中要注意同义词替换的问题，这个也是每次雅思考试中都会考到的一个点，雅思同义词更多的是在于平时的积累和记忆，临时抱佛脚只会把自己的词汇记忆搞得更混乱。
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